MEXICO

Since 2011, the Mexican Caribbean has periodically received atypical influxes of floating Sargassum. In 2015 and 2018 major events were experienced along the coasts of the Quintana Roo State. In 2018 Sargassum reached volumes of up to 2 m-3 per linear meter of beach and this led to a declaration of emergency from the State. These atypical massive influxes have entailed severe impacts on coastal and marine ecosystems and their ecosystem services (e.g., beach erosion, water pollution, decreasing tourism, death of seagrasses, loss of corals, etc.). In Mexico, most governmental efforts have focused on cleaning the beaches of tourist importance, although this is starting to change. There have been several initiatives to start harvesting Sargassum at sea and using it as a resource. This would prevent most of the negative impacts associated with the Sargassum decomposing process that starts at shallow water and on the beach. It is a goal for the country to stop managing Sargassum as a problem and start managing it as a national resource.

Country / Region

Ongoing efforts

In 2019, the Secretaría de Marina (SEMAR) took charge of the National Strategy to address the Sargassum phenomenon on the Mexican coasts, focusing on contention, on-sea harvest and beaches cleanup.

In the same year, the Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías (CONAHCYT) published, in collaboration with various federal and local government institutions, and specialists and experts in different disciplines and areas of knowledge, an Agenda of science, technology and innovation for addressing, adapting and mitigating massive influxes of Sargassum to Mexican coasts. This Agenda defines nine strategic lines of action, through which comprehensive management of the phenomenon is sought.

Furthermore, in 2023 the Secreataría de Ecología y Medio Ambiente (SEMA) of Quintana Roo state, coordinated a multisectoral group to develop the “Estrategia Integral para el Manejo y Aprovechamiento del Sargazo” (EIMAS). This is a State strategy whose objective is to mitigate the environmental, social and economic impact caused by the massive influx of Sargassum, in a coordinated and measurable manner. This strategy also aims at reducing costs and efforts of its management and increasing investment opportunities, using the macroalgae as a resouce.

Regulations and legal instruments

In Mexico, the “Lineamientos Técnicos y de Gestión para la Atención de la Contingencia ocasionada por sargazo en el Caribe Mexicano y el Golfo de México” of the Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (SEMARNAT) is the only document available of its kind, regarding Sargassum regulations.

These guidelines, which are not compulsory, establish the technical specifications for sea harvest, containment, removal on beaches, biomass pretreatments, final disposal, and quantification of Sargassum for monitoring purposes (SEMARNAT, 2021).

Monitoring, modeling and early warnings systems

Coordination of multisectoral efforts is needed to integrate a national monitoring, modeling, and early warning system with multisectoral applications and with an inherent effect on containment and harvest actions and strategies. Despite existing technical limitations, there are several ongoing initiatives and projects in Mexico that contribute to the remote and in situ Sargassum monitoring:

The Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO) has developed SIMAR, an interactive platform that includes in situ data, climate models, satellite products and other geospatial information. It is equipped with the Early Warning System of Sargassum (SATsum), which allows the visualization of the floating Sargassum with a daily resolution of 1 km.

Link: https://simar.conabio.gob.mx/

The Red de Monitoreo del Sargazo Cancún is an online tool to inform and alert the general public about influxes of Sargassum to the beaches of Quintana Roo.

Link: https://www.facebook.com/RedSargazo/?ref=page_internal

The Observatorio Ciudadano del Sargazo a web page with information for tourists that produces weekly reports of the presence of Sargassum on the main beaches.

https://www.viajefest.com/sargazo-en-quintana-roo/

The SEMAR, in collaboration with SEMA in Quintana Roo, published a “traffic light” representing the abundance of Sargassum in the main beaches of the region

Link: https://sargazo2023.semaqroo.gob.mx/semaforo-de-sargazo/

The Sistema de Monitoreo de Sargazo Recolectado (SIMSAR) developed by SEMARNAT, the Instituto Nacional de Ecología y Cambio Climático (INECC) and SEMAR, aims to systematize information on the volumes of Sargassum that arrive to the coasts and are registered by private and public sectors. These data are available to the public for research and decision-making purposes.

Link: https://app.semarnat.gob.mx/sargazo/#/login

The SEMAR has produced a daily and weekly Sargassum report that informs about the oceanographic conditions, the observed algae coverage and arrival predictions in several areas of Quintana Roo

Link: https://digaohm.semar.gob.mx/OpSargazo/BoletinesSargazo.html

The Laboratorio Nacional de Observación de la Tierra (LANOT) has developed a system that uses images from different satellites to generate weekly information about the surface area and total biomass estimates of Sargassum in the Mexican Caribbean.

http://www.lanot.unam.mx/home/sargazo/

The Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua (IMTA) has developed a model that uses satellite images and forecast of marine currents and wind to predict the trajectories of sargassum and the possible sites of stranding.

https://sargazo.imta.mx/index.html

Socioeconomic and environmental impacts

Accumulation of massive quantities of sargassum can result in a build-up of decaying material in both coastal waters and beaches. Decayed algae on the beaches can affect human health due to the release of toxic gases such as methane, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide. In near-shore waters, sargassum accumulation causes high loads of organic material and increased turbidity that can lead to water eutrophication, resulting in the death of several marine organisms, including coral reefs and seagrass. Eutrophication can also result in high amounts of harmful bacteria for both human and many marine organisms. The sargassum influxes may also result in the contamination of the water aquifer due to leachates of the decaying algae including arsenic and other heavy metals and toxic compounds. Sargassum massive influxes greatly impact tourism due to the loss of the beach scenic component. In addition to the economic impact due to the loss of tourism, the harvest and containment efforts are costly for the government. Furthermore, influxes can affect other components of human well-being such as connections to nature, livelihood, governance and resources management.

Potential uses

The main limitations for the consolidation of Sargassum-based industries and the development of chains of value, include:

  • Understanding the spatial-temporal chemical characterization of the macroalgae. For example, Sargassum has high contents of arsenic which hinders some uses.
  • Improving monitoring and modeling systems that will allow to detect Sargassum mats on the ocean and predict beachings. An early warning system would enable governments and companies to allocate resources appropriately in terms of harvest the macroalgae.
  • Having cost-effective processing techniques (drying, pressing, desalination, grinding, etc.) that facilitate conservation and storage for a permanent industrial supply.
  • Improve governance and regulations to manage Sargassum as resource and not as a waste.

In Mexico, the products with higher Technology Readiness Level (TRL), where commercialization already exists, are biostimulants and biofertilizers, fucoidan and alginates, materials of bioconstruction (i.e., concrete and bricks), and paper. Companies such as Alquimar, Dianco, Dakatso, CarbonWave, BlueGreen, Renovare, Abaplas, Energryn, commercialize some of these products. Several research groups are currently exploring other potential uses such as the generation of biofuels.

Download list of  Mexico_companies invloved in the Sargassum value chain

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